潤滑脂在使用過程中起潤滑作用的主要是微量的分油.微量的分油可以保持設備潤滑,對潤滑有利.但在實際使用過程中,常常因工況不符或使用劣質潤滑脂造成過度分油,使潤滑脂變稠、變硬,膠體結構被破壞,失去潤滑作用,甚至導致設備損壞.目前,普遍認為潤滑脂是稠化劑在基礎油中的膠體分散體系,其結構是稠化劑骨架將基礎油包裹在其中;也有人在此基礎上提出凝膠粒子分散體的概念[1].依據這些理論,在儲存及日常使用過程中,由于基礎油可以在稠化劑形成的結構中滲透并自由流動,因此潤滑脂有分出基礎油的趨勢.雖然已有理論能對潤滑脂的分油原因作出解釋,但仍缺少相關的量化數據對潤滑脂的實際分油情況進行預測.
潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)據(ju)稠(chou)化(hua)(hua)劑可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)皂基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)非皂基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩類。皂基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稠(chou)化(hua)(hua)劑常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋰、鈉、鈣、鋁(lv)、鋅等(deng)(deng)(deng)金屬(shu)皂，也(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉀、鋇、鉛、錳等(deng)(deng)(deng)金屬(shu)皂。非皂基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稠(chou)化(hua)(hua)劑用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)墨、炭黑(hei)、石(shi)棉，根(gen)據(ju)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)，前者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)一(yi)般機(ji)械(xie)零(ling)件(jian)，后者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)拖(tuo)拉機(ji)、鐵道機(ji)車、船舶機(ji)械(xie)、石(shi)油鉆(zhan)井機(ji)械(xie)、閥門等(deng)(deng)(deng)。主要質量指(zhi)標(biao)是(shi)滴(di)點、針入度(du)、灰(hui)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)水分(fen)(fen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來評(ping)價(jia)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膠(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)標(biao)為(wei)分(fen)(fen)油試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、滾動軸承性(xing)(xing)(xing)能試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。滾筒試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)測試(shi)(shi)滾壓作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)(xia)稠(chou)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。流動性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)泵送性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。抗(kang)水淋性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對水淋洗出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗(kang)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。膠(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)安定性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)貯(zhu)存和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)保持膠(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)穩(wen)定，液體(ti)礦油不從脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能。機(ji)械(xie)安定性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)表示(shi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)作(zuo)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)抵抗(kang)稠(chou)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能。滾珠軸承扭矩試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將稠(chou)化(hua)(hua)劑分(fen)(fen)散于(yu)液體(ti)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)劑中(zhong)(zhong)所組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固體(ti)或半固體(ti)產品，其中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以加入旨在(zai)(zai)改善潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)某種(zhong)(zhong)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)添加劑及填(tian)料。潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)可(ke)附著于(yu)垂直表面不流失，并能在(zai)(zai)敞開或密(mi)封不良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)擦部(bu)位工(gong)作(zuo)，具有其它潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)劑所不可(ke)替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持點。因此，在(zai)(zai)汽車和(he)(he)工(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多部(bu)位都使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)材料，即我們常(chang)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)油!
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